MFM operates as a two-pass scanning technique:
-
Topography Scan: A magnetically coated tip first scans the surface to record topography in tapping mode.
-
Lift Mode: The tip is then raised to a specific height above the sample (typically 20-100 nm).
-
Magnetic Force Detection: As the tip follows the topography at this constant height, it detects long-range magnetic forces.
-
Data Recording: The system records the phase shifts of the cantilever oscillation, which correspond to the magnetic force gradient.
This two-pass technique allows for separate optimisation of topographical and magnetic measurements, ensuring high-quality data for both.